A few years ago I was at a Living History event at Traquair House on the Scottish Borders. It was my very first foray into proper re-enactment, and I was loving every detail – the smell of the cooking fire, the rough wool against my skin, the burning in my throat as I smoked my clay pipe. My borrowed shoes chafed abominably, and my attempts to walk ‘like a man’ produced a gait rather more appropriate to a bandy-legged frog, but I fired a matchlock musket and a 17th century falconet and felt every inch the mercenary of the Thirty Years War I purported to be.
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| My feet hurt |
But the crowning moment came with the arrival of a vendor with a tray, and a gloriously soft object thrust hot into my hand which I was told was a ‘meat pie’. An ominously vague word, ‘meat’, but I wolfed it with relish and thought I had never tasted anything so fine. All day I’d been living history, and now I was actually tasting it too.
‘Not really,’ said a kindly Roman soldier, peering judiciously at the contents of his own pie. ‘Proper steak’s no good, not unless you’re nobility. Ought to be any old gristle really. Cartilage, ears, eyelids, you know the kind of thing.’
I did, and unaccountably felt my desire for authenticity begin to ebb. I had been happy with every other discomfort of the day (except for the shoes, which were borrowed and didn’t count) but it seemed my love of the past stopped abruptly at the gateway of my mouth.
Which is ridiculous. It’s true I’ve known some hardcore re-enactors turn abruptly into FARBs when it comes to swallowing something unpleasant, but the reality is we’ve probably eaten every one of those things in modern life – and enjoyed it. What do we think ‘mechanically recovered meat’ is – or the infamous American ‘Pink Slime’? If we’ve eaten a pork pie, a burger or a sausage in the last thirty years we’ve probably eaten everything my Roman soldier listed – and worse.
This modern western squeamishness is entirely a product of our minds. This year’s horsemeat scandal established that we’re perfectly happy with dodgy burgers as long as no-one actually tells us we’re eating My Little Pony. As a child I loved pink icing, but since my well-meaning sister told me that cochineal was ‘beetle’s blood’ I’ve never wanted to touch it again.
Our ancestors were both wiser and more frank, and they knew that death was an integral part of life in the kitchen. The 17th century Italian painter Giuseppe Recco made his name with still-lifes that reflected this, some of which are almost unbearable to 21st century sensibilities:
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| Kitchen Still Life by Giuseppe Recco |
Today that picture would be a deliberate rallying cry for vegetarianism, but in the 17th century it was just how things were. The French cookbook I used most in researching the Chevalier series was La Varenne’s Cuisinier François (1651), and there’s nothing coy about its pragmatic attitude to the animal ingredients of fine dining. Here he is on cooking Bambi Fawn: ‘Before it be mortified too much, dress it very neatly, truss it up, and take off some skins that are on it, and look like slime.’ But the worst for me is the recipe for ‘Sucking Pig to the natural’ which begins with the heart-breaking phrase ‘Take it from under the Sow’…
Well, of course it does – where else would you find a sucking pig? – but while I may have to write about such things in order to keep my world real, I don’t think my research also requires me to eat them. I love sharing the experiences of my characters’ lives, but I’m currently working on the Crimean War, and have absolutely no intention of getting cholera in order to authenticate it. There are, after all, limits.
That’s probably just as well when it comes to food. The ‘peck of dirt’ our grandmothers encouraged us to imbibe has been swept away in a tide of health and safety regulations, and we have little or no immunity to the kind of bacteria that flourished before refrigeration. If I tucked into the rock hard salt beef my Crimean soldiers ate, or the peas that had been more than forty years in the cask, I think the results might be more deadly than creative.
But it won’t be authentic. It couldn’t be without seriously falling foul of current food regulations. True, we can do what we like in our own kitchens, but unless you live on a farm it’s next to impossible to obtain the real ingredients our ancestors would have used. It’s a major drama even trying to obtain unpasteurized milk – as supplier Stephen Hook recently found out. Flour is a problem too, and the only place I know where you can (sometimes) buy the real deal is Jill Mill in Sussex. Even our water is chemically treated. There are exceptions, and I know one herbologist who obtains her water from a local stream, but many of us who fondly imagine we’re ‘cooking historically’ are fooling ourselves all the way.
It couldn’t be otherwise. Cooking didn’t change in isolation, but as part of a whole evolving world, and sometimes the more slavishly we adhere to an old recipe the more we’re actually missing the point. Take this extract from a famous 17th century recipe for mead by ‘Sir Kenelm Digby Knight’:
‘To every quart of Honey, take four quarts of water. Put your water in a clean Kettle over the fire, and with a stick take the just measure, how high the water cometh, making a notch, where the superficies toucheth the stick. As soon as the water is warm, put in your Honey, and let it boil, skimming it always, till it be very clean; Then put to every Gallon of water, one pound of the best Blew-raisins of the Sun, first clean picked from the stalks, and clean washed. Let them remain in the boiling Liquor, till they be throughly swollen and soft; Then take them out, and put them into a Hair-bag, and strain all the juice and pulp and substance from them in an Apothecaries Press; which put back into your liquor, and let it boil, till it be consumed just to the notch you took at first, for the measure of your water alone. Then let your Liquor run through a Hair-strainer into an empty Woodden-fat, which must stand endwise, with the head of the upper-end out; and there let it remain till the next day, that the liquor be quite cold.’
It seems all right – and the constant repetition of the word ‘clean’ is reassuring – but even if you follow the storage directions that follow, the drink you end up with won’t be mead. Mine certainly wasn’t, and I couldn’t work out why until I stumbled across this excellently researched site, which pointed out that Digby hasn’t included any yeast. He didn’t need to, since (as the writer points out) the world he lived in had plenty of such bacteria floating about naturally, both in the air and on his utensils. We can’t emulate that.
It’s not just the yeast. Readers who’ve made successful mead will also have noticed lots of unnecessary boiling – but for him it was very necessary indeed. Consider the age in which this was written, and we know the ‘skimming it always, till it be very clean’ is not to remove impurities from the honey – but from the water. Digby’s world is not our world, and we can’t go back to his cooking unless we change everything else back too.
That’s why all re-enactment is ultimately limited as a research tool. My shirt was itchy against my modern, bath-every-day skin – but I doubt it would have irritated the tough hide of a real 17th century soldier. I recoiled from the thought of gristle in a meat pie – but a 17th century French peasant who was lucky to get meat twice a year would have thought it delicious. People have changed too, and for all my dressing up and swaggering about in my mercenary gear, I was as much a fraud as Marie Antoinette dressing up as a poor shepherdess.
I still love doing it – and I love historical cooking too. Because it isn’t ‘perfect’ doesn’t mean it isn’t valuable, and it can still give that strange elusive tingle when for a fleeting second you share and understand something from a long time ago.
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| One day's plum harvest |
One very ordinary example. We had an exceptional plum harvest this year, and a friend convinced me to try my hand at jam. I didn’t have any of the special kit apart from a few Kilner jars, but plums don’t need pectin, and as I skimmed the boiling concoction of water, sugar and fruit it occurred to me that I was doing something people have done for centuries and in exactly the same way. I didn’t have a jam thermometer, but I tested the consistency with a sample on a cold plate, and when I saw the magical creases forming in my fingertrail I knew I was sharing the warming sense of triumph with millions of women stretching back centuries in time.
That’s what it’s about. The jam was made with modern processed sugar and wasn't authentic, but what mattered was the sensation I experienced when it set. That’s the ‘tingle’ – and it's the same feeling I had when holding a hot meat pie in my hands at Traquair. Whatever my helpful Roman said, I think I had a ‘taste of history’ that day after all.
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A L Berridge is on the panel 'Conflict in Fiction' at Harrogate History Festival, and tickets can be bought here. She promises not to talk about gristle or eyelids.
Her guaranteed gristle-free website is here.
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